The decision to use whole-house ventilation is typically motivated by concern that natural ventilation is not providing adequate air quality, even with source control by spot ventilation. Whole-house ventilation systems are usually classified as exhaust ventilation if the mechanical system forces inside air. Out of the home, supply ventilation if the mechanical system forces outside air into the home, or balanced ventilation if the mechanical system forces equal quantities of air into and out of the home.
Exhaust ventilation systems work by depressurizing the building. By reducing then inside air pressure below the outdoor air pressure, they extract indoor air from a house while make-up air infiltrates through leaks in the building shell and through intentional, passive vents.
Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install. Typically, an exhaust ventilation system is composed of a single fan connected to a centrally located, single exhaust point in the house. A preferable design option is to connect the fan to ducts from several rooms (preferably rooms where pollutants tend to be generated, such as bathrooms). Adjustable, passive vents through windows or walls can be installed in other in other rooms to introduce fresh air rather than rely on leaks in the building envelope. However, their use may be ineffective because larger pressure differences than those induced by the ventilation fans may be needed for them to work properly. Spot ventilation exhaust fans installed in the bathroom but operated continuously can represent an exhaust ventilation system in its simplest form. Exhaust ventilation systems are most applicable in cold climates. In climates with warm humid summers, depressurization can draw moist air into building wall cavities, where it may condense and cause moisture damage.
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